Il luogo più sacro del mondo
(ma anche il più esplosivo)
A Gerusalemme There is a mountain sacred to several religions.
that await the Messiah, Jesus and the Prophet
As at the time of the Crusades, for decades the international tension has a hub and Jerusalem. And Jerusalem has a spiritual focus, which is also a "detonator" of religious conflicts. The Jews call the Temple Mount (Har ha-Bayt). Arabs the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif).
Fedi and invasions
It 's a plateau of 144 thousand square meters and stands 20 m of the old city. It 's a concentrate of faith, myth, love and hate. Here was the first Jewish temple. After its destruction, compiuta nel 578 a. C., sorse nello stesso punto un secondo tempio, realizzato dagli Ebrei di ritorno dall'esilio in Babilonia, "liberati" dai persiani. Prima della nascita di Cristo, il tempio fu ampliato da Erode il Grande.
Ma i Romani di Tito lo distrussero nel 70 d.C. per punire l'insubordinazione dei Giudei.
Secondo la tradizione ebraica, il primo tempio sorse attorno a una roccia di pochi metri quadrati, dalla quale avvenne la creazione della vita. Su quella stessa roccia Adamo elevò il primo altare a Dio. E sempre su di essa il patriarca Abramo stava per sacrificare il figlio Isacco. Per i musulmani il motivo dell'attaccamento è un altro: da quella roccia Maometto salì su una scala di luce per visitare il Regno heaven, welcomed by the prophets, and Allah. In memory of the event, a caliph in the seventh century, built a dome on the sacred rock.
The Dome of the Rock still stands, covered in gold, on Jerusalem. In the eighth century, USL Mount was also built the mosque of Al-Aqsa. Then there were the Crusades, but when Christians leave the Holy Land, defeated by Saladin, the Temple Mount came under the control of Muslims. Until the war between Israel and Arab states in 1967, when Israeli troops planted their flag on the dome of the rock. Moshe Dayan, the architect of that victory occurred in just six days, but did remove the flag and he agreed with the Palestinians: they have managed a livello religioso il Monte del tempio, lasciando libera la visita agli ebrei. Questi avrebbero mantenuto il controllo militare del Monte e svolto le loro pratiche religiose presso il Muro del pianto, dietro cui sorgeva il secondo tempio.
Bracci di ferro
Una concessione che però non ha mai raffreddato questo vulcano della fede. Per esempio, la sovranità palestinese sul Monte del tempio è stata indicata come una delle richieste di Arafat che compromisero, nel 2000, le trattative a Camp David fra israeliani e palestinesi. Nello stesso anno, l'arrivo, nella Spianata delle moschee, dell'allora primo ministro Ariel Sharon accompagnato da mille uomini armati, diede il via alla seconda Intifada.
And consequently the bloody Israeli occupation of Gaza and part of Lebanon.
Prophecies dangerous
Even today there are those who cultivates extreme projects. The fundamentalist group of Jewish believers of the Temple, for example, would like the reconstruction of the sacred (and therefore the destruction of the Temple Mount mosques) after the sacrifice of a red heifer: His ashes, mixed with water and oils, will make " pure "descendants of the priests the Levites who will rebuild the temple. According to the prophecies, this should facilitate the coming of the messiah. The reconstruction of the temple is a goal shared by the U.S. right, called "Christian Zionist" considers this a necessary step for the return of Christ. According to this view, Christians and Jews will be involved in a fight in a battle against the Antichrist in the Holy Land, as provided by the Apocalypse of John ... and by the American billionaire Jerry Falwell and former President Ronald Reagan at the time indicated that the Soviet Union as the Antichrist, now replaced by the danger Islam.
far-fetched ideas? Maybe. But the Temple Mount could actually end up in the middle of an apocalypse: the visionary rain of fire of the Bible have indeed given way to nuclear warheads in Israel, Pakistan (the country's leading Islamic Front), India, China, Russia and the USA. But what are the historical foundation religious beliefs on this powder keg that is the Temple Mount? Thanks to archeology and critical reading of the Bible, today we have more elements of a time to get an idea.
Isaac or Ishmael? What
sacred rock has a symbolic value is evident to those who recognize that life evolved over millions of years from simpler forms to more complex ones. That just about it have thought of Abraham sacrificing Isaac is an equally obvious religious suggestion. All the more so for Muslims, about to be sacrificed by the patriarch was not Isaac, but his other son, Ishmael, Hagar was the slave. And the episode would take place near Mecca, not Jerusalem. Muslims are so confident that you have given the episode a major holiday, the Feast of the Sacrifice (Ishmael). Two very different versions of the same, important, tradition is not playing in favor of a historical confirmation.
The elusive Abraham
With all due respect of the three monotheistic religions, which have never quarreled about Abraham, considering their common ancestor, the figure of the patriarch, however, is little supported by evidence on the real historical existence. The Bible mentions him as being born in Ur and resident of Harran, two cities of Mesopotamia, called by God to move in with family in faraway land of Canaan to establish a great nation. "In fact, archaeological sources show that Jews are not moved from the land of Canaan, that is from Palestine, "said Israel Finkelstein, director of Nadler Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv." They were the result of a gradual evolution of local and who made that there are two states: the more prosperous Israel, which is based on agriculture, and the kingdom of Judah, devoted to grazing, with smaller settlements, including Jerusalem. It was the latter to develop their vocation to monotheism. In the book
the footsteps of Moses (ed. Carocci), modern collection of archaeological and textual analysis of the Bible, Finkelstein and his colleague Neil Silberman Aher explain that when the kingdom of Israel was defeated by the Assyrians, the small kingdom Judah worked out a project of political unity with the State's brother, and expansion in the region, under the banner of one God His manifesto was the political and religious heart of the Old Testament, written largely in the seventh century BC C. by a devout king, Josiah.
Myth and reality
And the patriarchs? "The biblical places them around 2000 BC, but the continued use of the text in caravans and camels, which archaeological data are available only from 1000 BC, relations with the Philistines, not exist before 1200 BC, and quotes from the urban centers not present before the eighth century BC. would reveal the many literary fiction and political-religious purposes, more than a correct historical account of the genealogy of the Jews "says Finkelstein. The Bible, in fact, has used the patriarchs, Abraham comreso to give mythic roots to the founding of Israel as a unitary state.
Certificate is historically rather King David, who would erect an altar on the fateful rock of the Temple Mount. the royal house of David inscription speaks of the fact Hazael king of Syria, who fought against the Jews in 835 BC Many years before, David had conquered Jerusalem, and importing the worship of Yahweh the Jewish city of Hebron.
An estimated end
And Solomon? "On its historical figure, there are no archaeological evidence" says Mario Liverani, professor of Near Eastern history at La Sapienza University of Rome, author of Beyond the Bible (ed. Laterza). "But be attributed to a king is not so righteous as Solomon (with several concubines, wives and foreign policies), building the first temple, suggesting that the news is correct (it was just a myth, in fact, Solomon was described without defects ed).
Maybe, once in the temple inscriptions were visible that indicated as the founder. But the temple was not to be in no great "
Adds Finkelstein:" The excavations in the nineteenth and twentieth century around the hill of the temple were not able to identify tracks the sacred building.
The same applies to the legendary palace of Solomon and large stables. "Liverani It notes:" The first temple is described in the Bible as the Persian style, but kind of architecture that emerged long after the time of Solomon (970-930 BC). The fabulous wealth for which 'the silver was plentiful in Jerusalem as stones' (Re 10:27) was the only representation of an idealized past, a mythical golden age. "
The second temple which was built in Jerusalem in the sixth century BC., by the prophets returned from Babylon, was the one seen by Jesus drove the merchants from there and he prophesied the end (Matthew 24: 1-2). But today Jesus is at home in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the Old City. Here, however, pervaded by the prophet Mohammed, according to Sura XVII Qur'an: "Glory to the man who kidnapped his servant by night from the last times, blessed by the fence to show him of Our Signs." The measure refers to the Prophet's night journey to the Ka'ba in Mecca (Holy Temple) to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (final time). Other details came back from the notes: Mohammed would cross the infernal abyss and then up to the seven heavens. When the Prophet woke up in Mecca, home of a cousin, did not reveal whether it was a real experience or mystical ecstasy. Told the archangel Gabriel that she did get on a Buraq (winged creature similar to a donkey and the woman's face) that brought him to Jerusalem. Going up a stairway of light met the prophets, Jesus welcomed him at level 3, Abraham in 7th heaven, before arriving in the sight of Allah.
from Mohammed in Dante
The story spread even among Christians, in English, with Books scale. According to the Jesuit historian Don Miguel Asin Palacios (1871-1944), inspired the Divine Comedy . And in 1949 the Islamist Enrico Cerulli showed that there was a version in Italian vernacular, compiled by the notary Bonaventura da Siena, a contemporary of Dante.
Literature aside, the ninth-century Arab scholars, like Ibn Garir to Tabari and Muhammad al-Bukhari, thought that the rise of Muhammad had been a vision and not a real experience. But Islam has prevailed the second interpretation.
Franco Capone
Taken from: Focus No 180, from page to page 28. 38.
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